CAPTCHAs require alternatives. An audio CAPTCHA must have an image CAPTCHA as an option, and vice versa. Image-based CAPTCHAs should also include text in the alt attribute that explains the purpose of the CAPTCHA.
Graphical controls, such as clickable icons or images, need a name so that screen reader users can understand their function. This can be provided, for example, via the alt attribute or the aria-label attribute.
Decorative images that don’t convey information should be hidden from assistive technologies. For <img> elements, use an empty alt attribute (alt=””), and for <svg> elements, add aria-hidden=”true” so screen readers skip them.
Images or graphics that share important information should have a text alternative — in the alt attribute or nearby text. Even pictures that express feelings or set a tone deserve meaningful descriptions.
Recorded videos require synchronized captions. For the captions to be complete, they should include not only the spoken words, but also the names of speakers, human sounds, and important noises such as music.
The visual layout of a website using CSS must not affect the logical order of content. Related elements, such as a heading and its accompanying text, must be read in the correct order by screen readers.
Avoid relying on sensory cues in your text. Phrases like »bottom left« are often unhelpful for screen reader users. Instead, focus on descriptive text, for example: “Click the ‘Order Now’ button!”
A website must be usable in both portrait and landscape orientations. Users should be able to switch between orientations without any restrictions.
A website must function correctly at a width of 320 px (or 400% zoom at 1280 px), ensuring that all content and functionality are preserved and text doesn’t require horizontal or vertical scrolling.
Users must be able to zoom in up to 200% without text or other content being hidden, and all essential website functions must remain fully operable.
Important information shouldn’t be presented solely as text within images. Users can’t adjust this text to their needs, and assistive technologies cannot read it.
A website must be fully operable with a keyboard. All content should be accessible, and all essential functions must be usable without a mouse.
A website should not include elements that flash more than three times per second, such as rapidly blinking GIFs or flickering videos. Flashing elements that are small enough (around 148×148 px) are considered acceptable.
If errors occur on a website, they should be easy to identify and not indicated by color alone. Text describing the error must also be provided.
All interactive elements on a website must be coded in a way that allows assistive technologies to identify their name, role, and current value. Any changes to these attributes should also be communicated.
When websites display status messages or notifications, they should be automatically announced by screen readers without shifting the user’s focus. This can be achieved using ARIA live regions.
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